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Cross Appeals Nos. 02-1215 and 02-1267
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT —————— NEIL J. MELLEN and PAUL S. KNICK, Plaintiffs-Appellees, versus JOSIAH BUNTING, III, Defendant-Appellant. —————— On Appeal From the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia —————— BRIEF OF AMICI COALITION OF AMERICAN VETERANS, INC. and NAVAL AVIATION FOUNDATION, INC. —————— COL. RONALD D. RAY EDNA JENELLE TURNER Counsellors at Law 3317 Halls Hill Road Crestwood, KY 40014 (502) 241-5552 (502) 241-1552 (facsimile) Counsel for Amici Curiae, Coalition of American Veterans, Inc. and Naval Aviation Foundation, Inc. WESTERFIELD-BONTE CO., 619 W. KENTUCKY–P.O. BOX 3251, LOUISVILLE, KY. TABLE OF CONTENTS ——— PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS AND AUTHORITIES ... i INTEREST OF AMICI............................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 3 ARGUMENT.............................................................. 5 I. The District Court Erred, and Applied the Wrong Standard............................................. 5 A. VMI is, First and Foremost Historically, a Part of Virginia’s State Militia and America’s National Defense Establishment ............................................................. 5 B. The Court Should Have Applied the Supreme Court Doctrine of “Military Necessity” .................................................... 15 II. Plaintiffs Have Mistaken Their Remedy. 24 CONCLUSION .......................................................... 26 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................ 29 APPENDIX .............................................................. 1a-107a i ii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ——— PAGE Cases: Anderson v. Laird, 316 F.Supp. 1081 (D.D.C. 1970) ................................................................ 11 Brown v. Glines, 444 U.S. 348 (1980) .................. passim Burns v. Wilson, 346 U.S. 137 (1953) .................. 19 Chappell v. Wallace, 462 U.S. 296 (1983) .......... 10, 16-19 Coale v. Pearson, 290 U.S. 597 (1933) ................. 25 Dash v. Commanding General, 307 F. Supp. 849 (D.S.C. 1970) ................................................... 20 Estep v. U.S., 327 U.S. 114 (1946) ....................... 19, 25 Goldman v. Weinberger, 476 U.S. 503 (1986). 5, 17, 19, 25 Greer v. Spock, 424 U.S. 828 (1976) ..................... 7, 8, 18 Hamilton v. Bd. of Regents, 293 U.S. 245 (1934) 25 In re Grimley, 137 U.S. 147 (1890) ...................... 8 In re Summers, 325 U.S. 561 (1945) .................... 25 Johnson v. Robison, 415 U.S. 361 (1974)............. 24 Khalsa v. Weinberger, 769 F.2d 1411 (9th Cir. 1985) ................................................................ 6 Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971) ............ passim Mellen v. Bunting, 181 F.Supp.2d 619 (W.D. Va. 2002) ................................................................ 19 Mindez v. Seaman, 453 F.2d 197 (5th Cir. 1971) 6 New York Times Co. v. U.S., 403 U.S. 713 (1971) 9, 10 Noyd v. Bond, 395 U.S. 683 (1969) ..................... 19 Noyd v. McNamara, 378 F.2d 538 (10th Cir. 1967) ................................................................ 20 Orloff v. Willouoghby, 345 U.S. 83 (1951) .. 10, 17, 18, 19 Parker v. Levy, 417 U.S. 733 (1974) ................. 7, 8, 17-19 Pearson v. Coale, 167 A. 54 (Md. 1933) ............... 25 Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981) ....... 7, 10, 18, 19 Schlesinger v. Councilman, 420 U.S. 738 (1975) 17 Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963) .............. 24 United States v. Burry, 36 C.M.R. 829 ................ 20 United States v. Cupp, 24 C.M.R. 565 ................. 20 U.S. v. MacIntosh, 283 U.S. 605 (1931) ............... 24, 25 United States v. Morgan, 17 C.M.R. 584 ............. 20 U.S. v. Seeger, 380 U.S. 163 (1965) ...................... 24 Welch v. U.S., 398 U.S. 333 (1970)....................... 24 West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1942)......................... 20 Yahr v. Resor, 431 F.2d 690 (4th Cir. 1970) ........ 20 Statutes: Rule 42, F.R.A.P.................................................... 2 U.S. Constitution, Art. I § 8 ................................. 10 U.S. Constitution, Art. II § 2 ................................ 10 Code of Virginia, § 23-109 .................................... 15 Code of Virginia § 44-5 ......................................... 24 Other Authorities: Emerson, The System Of Freedom Of Expression (1970) ............................................................... 7 Emerson, Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment, 72 Yale L. J. 877 (1963)............ 20 The Federalist, No. 26........................................... 10 Folk, Military Appearance Requirements and Free Exercise Of Religion, 98 Mil. L. Rev. 53 (1982) ............................................................... 6, 24 Geoffrey, Edgeworth, The Institute: Virginia Military Institute (1997) ................................. 13 Hirschborn, The Separate Community: Military Uniqueness And Servicemen’s Constitutional Rights 62 N. C. L. Rev. 177 (1984) ................. 7, 8 Joint Pub. 1-05. Religious Ministry Support For Joint Operations. Joint Chiefs Of Staff. 26 August 1996, p. II-3 ........................................ 3 Mygatt, Gerald And Chaplain (Lt. Col. ) Henry Darlington (Eds.) Soldiers’ And Sailors’ Prayer Book, (1944) ..................................................... 23 O’Neill, Chaplain James H. The True Story Of The Patton Prayer, The Military Chaplain, Vol. 19, No. 2, at 2 (1948) ............................... 23 Poling, Daniel A. The Armed Forces Prayer Book, at 12 (1951) ........................................... 23 Social Science Research Counsel, The American Soldier, Combat And Its Aftermath (1949) .... 22 Sparks, Jared, The Writings Of George Washington, Vol. XII (Boston 1838) ............................. 4 The 2002 Bullit ..................................................... 3 Warren, The Bill Of Rights And The Military, 37 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 181 (1962) ........................... 18 iii Other Authorities (Continued): Washington, George, Farewell Address, Cited in Bloom, Sol, The Story Of The Constitution (United States Constitutional Sesquicentennial Commission 1937) ........................................... 26 White House News Release, Office Of The Press Secretary (May 3, 2001) .................................. 4 Winthrop, Col. William Military Law And Precedents, at 571, n. 100 (Govt. Printing Off., 2d ed. 1920) ..................................................... 21 Wise, Jennings C. , Virginia Military Institute: Military History (1915) ................................... 14 Wise, Jennings C., Sunrise Of The Virginia Military Institute As A School Of Arms: Spawn Of The Cincinnati (1958) ................... 13 iv |